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The ICT Act, as amended on 6 October 2013, has been used to arbitrarily detain Nasiruddin Elan, Director of prominent human rights organization Odhikar, who was denied bail by the cyber crimes tribunal on 6 November 2013.
The act was further amended in 2013 by granting law enforcers the right to arrest any person without warrant, and by making the crimes non-bailable. Section 57 of the ordinance states that if any electronically published material causes any deterioration of law and order, tarnishes the image of a person or the state, or hurts the religious sentiment of people, then the offender will be punished for a maximum of 14 years imprisonment. 8
Hurting religious sentiment is increasingly becoming a major issue when it comes to surveillance. Authorities seem to be ill prepared, both at the policy and implementation level, to define the issue properly. In October 2012, in the southeastern district of Ramu, temples in Buddhist neighbourhoods were attacked and vandalised following an allegation that the Facebook profile of a Buddhist showed an anti-Islamic image, inciting local Muslims to retaliate. 17 Similarly, in another incident in November 2013, vandals attacked Hindu houses and properties claiming that a local Hindu boy had uploaded something derogatory towards Islam on his Facebook profile, although this was later denied by the person in question. 18
12 Rezwan. (2007, October 5). Internet user profiling and surveillance process initiated in Bangladesh. Global Voices Advocacy. advocacy -user-profiling-and-surveillance-process-initiated-in-bangladesh/">advocacy
16 Rezwan. (2012, March 24). Bangladesh: Court Orders Shutting Down of Facebook Pages for Blasphemous Contents. Global Voices. globalvoicesonline.org/2012/03/24/bangladesh-court-orders-shutting-down-of-facebook-pages-for-blasphemous-contents
Hoelscher, Kristian; Katherine Edelen; Jason Miklian; Silje Holen; Joyeeta Bhattacharjee; Line Barkved; Farzana Jahan; Hari Bansh Jha; & Åshild Kolås (2013) Water Scarcity in Bangladesh. Transboundary Rivers, Conflict and Cooperation, PRIO Report, 1. Oslo: PRIO.
Government at a Glance 2013 provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance. Indicators on government revenues, expenditures, and employment are provided alongside key output and outcome data in the sectors of education and health. Government at a Glance also includes indicators on key governance and public management issues, such as transparency in governance, regulatory governance, new ways in delivering public services and HRM and compensation practices in the public service. While measuring government performance has long been recognized as playing an important role in increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the public administration, following the economic crisis and fiscal tightening in many member countries, good indicators are needed more than ever to help governments make informed decisions regarding tough choices and help restore confidence in government institutions.
In order to facilitate eCommerce and encourage the growth of information technology, the Bangladeshis enacted the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act of 2006. The Act, amended in 2013, included provisions for imprisonment and/or fines for cyber-crimes. The enactment of the Act has had significant implications for e-commerce and mobile commerce users and companies in Bangladesh. The growth of the industry has been inhibited by low usage of credit and debit cards (cash remains the major payment method) and the unavailability of or restrictions on major online transaction sites such as PayPal.
Several B2B websites in Bangladesh are engaged in providing manufacturing and supply-chain solutions. For instance, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has deployed B2B e-commerce solutions for international ready-made garment (RMG) orders and procurement, as have several large ready-made garment companies. There are also B2B websites that feature business directories, trade deals, and information about suppliers such as the Bangladesh Business Guide, Address Bazar, and Bizbangladesh.
Ukraine is not a State Party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ("ICC" or the "Court"), so cannot itself refer the situation to my Office. But it has twice exercised its prerogatives to legally accept the Court's jurisdiction over alleged crimes under the Rome Statute occurring on its territory, should the Court choose to exercise it. The first declaration lodged by the Government of Ukraine accepted ICC jurisdiction with respect to alleged crimes committed on Ukrainian territory from 21 November 2013 to 22 February 2014. The second declaration extended this time period on an open-ended basis to encompass ongoing alleged crimes committed throughout the territory of Ukraine from 20 February 2014 onwards.
Both human rights defenders were charged with violating Section 57 of the Information and Communications Technology Act of 2006. These charges relate to false allegations that in a fact-finding report Odhikar used manipulated photographs and fabricated a list of 61 people killed by police during a crackdown on a Hefazate Islam rally in May 2013. The case has since been transferred to the Cyber Crimes Tribunal.
On 4 September 2013, both human rights defenders were charged with violating Section 57 of the Information and Communications Technology Act of 2006. These charges relate to false allegations that in a fact-finding report Odhikar used manipulated photographs and fabricated a list of 61 people killed by police during a crackdown on a Hefazate Islam rally in May 2013. The case has since been transferred to the Cyber Crimes Tribunal.
There have been numerous reprisals against Odhikar by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) since 2013. Following the publication of the fact-finding report, Adilur Rahman Khan was arbitrarily detained for 62 days. Odhikar's Director, Mr A.S.M. Nasiruddin Elan, spent 25 days in detention. The organisation was also subjected to a smear campaign in the media which was allegedly organised by the government.
On 25 May 2016, the Anti-Corruption Commission of Bangladesh (ACC)'s Deputy Director Mr Jalal Uddin Ahmed questioned human rights defender Mr Adilur Rahman Khan, over an allegation of involvement of the human rights organisation Odhikar in money laundering, as a part of an investigation opened in 2013.
Adilur Rahman Khan and Nasirudden Elan are, respectively, the secretary and director of human rights organisation Odhikar. Adilur Rahman Khan was arbitrarily arrested on 10 August 2013 and detained until 11 October 2013. On 4 September 2013, both human rights defenders were charged with violating Section 57 of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Act of 2006. These charges relate to false allegations that Odhikar used manipulated photographs and fabricated a list of 61 people who were killed by police during the crackdown on the assembly of Hefazate Islam in May 2013. The case has since been transferred to the newly formed Cyber Crimes Tribunal.
On 4 September 2013, the DB of the police submitted a charge sheet against Adilur Rahman Khan accusing him of violating Section 57 of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Act of 2006. These charges relate to allegations that Odhikar used manipulated photographs and fabricated a list of 61 people who were killed by police during the crackdown on the assembly of Hefazate Islam in May 2013. Adilur Rahman Khan's case has since been transferred to the newly formed Cyber Crimes Tribunal.
On 9 October 2013, the Office of the Attorney General appealed against the High Court Division's decision before the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, but the decision was upheld. In accordance with the High Court order, the prison authorities were to release Adilur Rahman Khan on 10 October 2013; he was eventually released on 11 October.
On 4 September 2013, the Detective Branch (DB) of the police submitted a charge sheet against human rights defender and secretary of human rights organisation Odhikar, Mr Adilur Rahman Khan for violating Section 57 of the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Act of 2006. The charge sheet also included the name of the director of Odhikar, Mr Nasiruddin Elan. It is therefore expected that the police may proceed to arrest him.
The charges against Adilur Rahman Khan relate to baseless allegations that Odhikar used manipulated photographs and fabricated a list of 61 people who were killed by police during the crackdown on the assembly of Hefazate Islam in May 2013. Odhikar recently published a fact-finding report on the incident supporting these conclusions. The DB police has reportedly held a press conference confirming the charges. The police have now reportedly requested an arrest warrant against Nasiruddin Elan.
On 13 August 2013, human rights defender Mr Adilur Rahman Khan was transferred to Kashimpur-1 jail where he remains in custody while the investigation against him continues. The human rights defender was arrested without a warrant on 10 August 2013 and later charged with'publishing false images and information'and 'disrupting the law and order situation.'
Two General Diaries had been lodged against him: number 268 dated 10 August 2013, filed by the Detective Branch of Police (North), according to which the human rights defender was arrested under section 54 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; and number 514 of the same date, filed by Gulshan Police Station, despite their denials to the wife of Adilur Rahman Khan and Odhikar staff about having any knowledge of his arrest. The human rights defender's petition for bail was rejected by the court. 2b1af7f3a8